Summer Palace, Beijing, China
The main scenic area of the Summer Palace is composed of Longevity Mountain and Kunming Lake. The whole garden covers an area of 3.08 square kilometers, and the water surface occupies about three-quarters. There are 70,000 square meters of ancient palaces and gardens in the park, and it is famous for its precious cultural relics. It is the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units.
The Summer Palace was formerly known as Qingyi Garden. It was built in the fifteenth year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty (1750) and burned down by the British and French forces in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860). In the twelfth year of Guangxu (1886), the Qing court embezzled naval funds and other funds to begin reconstruction. Two years later, it adopted its current name as the home of Empress Dowager Cixi. It was destroyed by the Allied Forces of the Eight Nations in 1900 and restored in 1902. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, after several repairs, the Summer Palace has successively rebuilt important scenic spots such as four major continents, Suzhou Street, Jingming Tower, Tanning Hall, Wenchangyuan, and Farming Weaving Map.
The Summer Palace is a masterpiece of traditional gardening art, borrowing from the surrounding landscape, the imperial gardens are magnificent and full of natural charm, which highly embodies the Chinese gardening principles of "manufactured by man, open from nature". In December 1998, the Summer Palace was included in the "World Heritage List" by UNESCO and was evaluated as follows:
(1) The Summer Palace in Beijing is an outstanding display of the art of Chinese landscape architecture, integrating man-made landscape with nature harmoniously;
(2) The Summer Palace is a concentrated expression of Chinese gardening ideas and practices, and such ideas and practices have played a key role in the development of the entire oriental garden art and cultural form;
(3) The Chinese imperial garden represented by the Summer Palace is a powerful symbol of one of the world's major civilizations.
Suzhou Street
Suzhou Street is also known as "Sale Street". Suzhou Street is a shopping street built on both sides of the Houhu Lake, imitating the southern water town of Suzhou. During the Qingyi Garden period, there were various shops on the shore, such as jade antique shops, silk and satin shops, dim sum shops, tea houses, gold and silver jewelry shops, etc. The clerks in the shop are all dressed up as eunuchs and court ladies. The emperor began to "open for business" during his fortune. Dozens of shops on the shore of Houhu Lake were burned down by foreign powers in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860) and rebuilt in 1986.
Wanshou Mountain
Longevity Mountain belongs to the Yanshan Remains, 58.59 meters high. The building complex is built on the mountain, in front of the Wanshou Mountain, centered on the eight-sided, three-story, four-eave Buddha Xiangge, forming a huge main building complex. From the "Yunhui Yuyu" archway at the foot of the mountain, through the Paiyun Gate, the Second Palace Gate, the Paiyun Hall, the Dehui Hall, and the Foxiang Pavilion, to the wisdom sea on the top of the mountain, a central axis of rising layers is formed. On the east side are the stone steles of "Zhulunzang" and "Wanshou Mountain Kunming Lake". There are five square pavilions and a bronze Baoyun pavilion on the west side. There are Tibetan Buddhist buildings and multi-colored glazed pagodas in the back mountain. On the mountain, there are towers and pavilions such as Jingfu Pavilion, Chongcui Pavilion, Writing Qiu Xuan, and Painting Middle Tour. A group of large and vivid central buildings are built in the middle part. This group of large buildings includes the main building in the park-the "Paiyun Hall" where the emperor and the queen held the celebration and the court and the Buddhist temple "Foxiang Pavilion". Corresponding to the longitudinal axis of the central building complex is the "promenade" that traverses the foothills and runs from east to west along the northern shore.
Four major states
The four major prefectures are in the middle of the back mountain of Wanshou Mountain, and are a group of Han-Tibetan buildings. Covering an area of 20,000 square meters, the pavilion was erected on the spot due to the mountain's homeopathy. There is the Xumi Spirit Realm (now a platform) in the front, 3 meters high Jingzhu on both sides, and the main building of the temple complex in the back, the Xiangyan Zongyin Pavilion. Surrounded by the four major continents symbolizing the world of Buddhism-Dongshengshenzhou, Xiniuhuozhou, Nanfangbuzhou, Beijuluzhou, and eight small continents built with towers of different forms. In the south, southwest, northeast, and northwest there are four lama pagodas representing the "four wisdoms" of the Buddhist scriptures, namely red, white, black, and green. There are thirteen layers of ring-shaped "phase wheel" on the tower, which means "13 days" of Buddhist scriptures. The tower is unique, with a dignified and beautiful shape. There are two uneven temples in the middle of the four major continents and eight small ones. One represents the platform and the other represents the sun platform, symbolizing the sun and the moon surrounding the Buddha.
Sea of wisdom
The Sea of Wisdom is a religious building on the highest point of the Wanshou Mountain. It is a beamless Buddhist temple entirely made of brick and stone, and is composed of arched voucher structures. The outer layer of the building is all beautifully decorated with yellow and green glazed tiles, and the upper part is covered with a small amount of purple and blue glazed tiles, especially the more than a thousand glazed Buddhas embedded in the outer wall of the temple. The term "wisdom sea" is a Buddhist term, and its original meaning is to praise the wisdom of the Buddha as the sea, and the boundless Dharma. Although the building is very similar to a wooden structure, it actually does not have a single piece of wood. It is all made of stone bricks and has no load-bearing purlins, so it is called "Beamless Hall." It is also called the "Hall of Infinite Life" because it is enshrined in the temple.
Buddha Xiangge
The Foxiang Pavilion is located on the mountainside in the central part of the front mountain of Wanshou Mountain. It is built on a 21-meter-high square base. It is an eight-sided, three-story, four-eave building; the pavilion is 41 meters high and contains 8 huge iron pear woods. Optimus Prime has a complex structure and is a boutique classic architecture. After the original pavilion was burned down by the British and French forces in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), it took 780,000 taels of silver to rebuild it in the 17th year of Guangxu (1891), and it was completed in the 20th year of Guangxu (1894). It was a larger project in the Summer Palace. Inside the pavilion is enshrined the "receiving Buddha" for the royal family to burn incense here.
Bowen Court
Baoyun Pavilion (Bronze Pavilion) is one of the surviving copper castings in China with more refined craftsmanship and large volume. Built in the Wufang Pavilion on the west side of the Buddha Xiangge Pavilion, a 4-meter-high white marble seat was built during the Qianlong period. It is 7.5 meters high and weighs 207 tons. There are diamond fans on all sides. Although it is made of copper, it is made completely according to the wooden frame structure. There are doors on the east, south, and west sides, with four grid doors on the door and eight grid windows on the north. The door panes have a diamond grid fan core, and the upper part of the curtain frame also has a grid fan core. All grid fan cores are inside and outside.
Paiyun Temple
The Paiyun Hall is in the center of the building in front of Wanshou Mountain. It was originally the Dabaoen Yanshou Temple built by Qianlong for his mother’s 60th birthday. When Cixi was rebuilt, it was changed to Paiyun Hall. It was used by Cixi to live in the garden and receive worship on her birthday. local. The word "Paiyun" is taken from Guo Pu's poem, the fairy Paiyun Mountain, but see the gold and silver platform." It is like an immortal in the Qiongge of the fairy mountain surrounded by clouds and mist. Seen from a distance, Paiyun Hall and Pailou, The Paiyun Gate, Jinshui Bridge, and the Second Palace Gate are connected into a straight line that rises layer by layer. The Paiyun Temple is a spectacular architectural group in the Summer Palace.
gallery
The promenade is located at the southern foot of Wanshou Mountain, facing Kunming Lake, with Wanshou Mountain in the north, Yueyue Gate in the east and Shizhang Pavilion in the west. It has a total length of 728 meters and a total of 273 rooms. It is a long corridor in Chinese gardens. Recognized as the longest promenade in the world and included in the "Guinness World Records". Each beam on the gallery is painted with a total of more than 14,000 pictures, including landscapes, flowers, birds, fish, and allusions. The figures in the painting are all based on Chinese classics.
Kunming Lake
Kunming Lake was the largest lake in the imperial gardens in the Qing Dynasty. There was a long embankment in the lake, the west embankment, running from the northwest to the south. The west dike and its branch dikes divide the lake surface into three water areas of varying sizes, each with an island in the center of the lake. These three islands are arranged in a row on the lake, symbolizing the three sacred mountains in the East China Sea in ancient Chinese legends-Penglai, Abbot, and Yingzhou. The West Embankment and the six bridges on the embankment are consciously imitating the Su Embankment and the "Six Su Embankment Bridges" of West Lake in Hangzhou. The blue waves and weeping willows along the west dike have an open natural scenery. The beautiful shape of Yuquan Mountain a few miles outside the garden and the shadows of the Yufeng Pagoda on the top of the mountain come together and are taken as part of the landscape.
Middle of the picture
The middle of the painting is a group of scenic buildings in the west of Wanshou Mountain. It is built on the hillside, and there is a two-story pavilion on the front, with one floor on the left and the right, named "Love Mountain" and "Borrowing Autumn". There is a stone archway behind the pavilion, and behind the archway is "Chenghui Pavilion". There is a climbing corridor between the buildings. As it is located halfway up the mountain, the towers, pavilions and corridors are built on different contours. The green hills and cypresses are surrounded by a group of buildings covered by red, yellow, blue and green glazed tiles.
Listening oriole house
The Tingliguan was originally built by Emperor Qianlong for his mother. There is a two-story stage inside. Because the ancients often used the sound of oriole as a metaphor for the beauty of music, it was named "Tingliguan." Before the completion of the Deheyuan Theater Building, Cixi often watched theaters and had dinners here. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), it was burned down by the British and French forces and rebuilt in Guangxu. Tingliguan Restaurant is a famous palace cuisine restaurant.
Harmony Park
Xie Qu Garden is located at the eastern foot of Wanshou Mountain. It is a garden in a separate area with southern garden style. Qingyi Garden was called Huishan Garden at the time, and it was built after imitating Huishan Jichang Garden in Wuxi. After the rebuilding in the 16th year of Jiaqing (1811), it adopted the harmony of The Qianlong emperor’s poem "One pavilion and one path, full of humorous and interesting" means, and was renamed "Xie Qu Yuan." There are 13 pavilions, terraces, halls, and pavilions in the park, and there are hundreds of verandas and five different forms. The bridge communicates with each other. There is a stone bridge in the southeast corner of the park. On the stone square at the head of the bridge, there is a three-character "Knowing Fish Bridge" inscribed by Qianlong, which is a reference to the dispute between Zhuangzi and Huizi on "Qiu Shui Hao".
Le Shou Tang
Le Shou Tang is the main building in the residential area of the Summer Palace. It was originally built in the fifteenth year of Qianlong (1750), destroyed in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), and rebuilt in the thirteenth year of Guangxu (1887). Le Shou Tang faces Kunming Lake, backs to Longevity Mountain, reaches Renshou Hall in the east, and connects to the promenade in the west. It is a better place to live and play in the park. In front of the hall there is a pier "Le Shou Tang" where Cixi took a boat. The horizontal plaque with black background and gold characters is written by Guangxu. There are copper deer, copper crane and copper vase on display in the courtyard of Le Shoutang, which means "Liuhe Taiping". The flowers in the courtyard include magnolia, begonia, peonies, etc. The famous flowers are full of the courtyard, which means "yutang wealth and honor".
Yiyun Hall
Yiyun Pavilion was built in Qianlong period and was rebuilt during Guangxu period. In Qingyi Garden, it was the library of Emperor Qianlong, and the furnishings were exquisite. In the Summer Palace, it was the palace of Emperor Guangxu Longyu. Due to the different architectural functions and the identity of the owner, the furnishings have changed a lot. In 1979, after the ancient building was repaired, only furniture was displayed indoors. In 1992, the furnishings were arranged according to the furnishing files of Qingyi Garden, and more than 100 cultural relics were displayed in the entire courtyard.
Daxilou
The Daxilou is located in Dehe Garden. Together with the Qingyin Pavilion in Chengde Mountain Resort and the Changyin Pavilion in the Forbidden City, they are collectively called the three major stages of the Qing Dynasty. The Deheyuan Theater was built for Cixi's 60th birthday, and it was exclusively for Cixi to watch theaters. It is 21 meters high, second only to the Buddha Incense Pavilion in the Summer Palace. The theater building has three floors, and the backstage makeup building has two floors. There are seven "courtyards" on the roof and "ground wells" in the floor. There are wells and five square pools at the bottom of the stage.
Yulantang
Yulan Hall was built on the shore of Kunming Lake in the southwest of Renshou Hall. It is a triple courtyard-style building. The main hall of Yulan Hall faces south, the east is equipped with the hall of Xiafen, and the west is equipped with halls of lotus roots. You can go to the Renshou Hall in the east hall and the lakeside dock in the west hall. The back door of the main hall is directly opposite to Yiyun Hall. The rear eaves and the two side halls are built with brick walls to isolate them from the outside world, and are an important historical relic in the Summer Palace. In the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu (1898), after Cixi launched a court coup, he imprisoned the Emperor Guangxu who advocated the reform here. It was the palace of Emperor Guangxu.
Renshou Hall Renshou Hall (named Qinzheng Hall in Qingyi Garden) was the place where the emperor was in charge of administration during the two historical periods of Qianlong and Guangxu. The main layout of its furnishings is roughly the same, and they are all specific furnishings of the royal palace. However, the furnishings are different, and the furnishings in the Summer Palace are much more luxurious than those in the Qingyiyuan period. The central part of the furnishings in the current hall continues the original style of the Guangxu period, and the rest of the furnishings have been slightly changed. Except for the exhibition in the hall, most of the cultural relics, books, and furniture in the original hall are kept in the cultural relics warehouse.
East Gate
All under the eaves of the east palace gate are painted with gorgeous patterns with oil paint. The six vermilion gates are embedded with neat yellow door nails, and under the middle eaves are a large plaque with Kowloon gold characters. The three characters "Summer Palace" are written by Emperor Guangxu. question. The Yunlong stone on the front of the gate is carved with two dragons and opera beads. It was carved during the Qianlong period. It was moved from the ruins of Yuanmingyuan (Anyou Palace). It is a symbol of the emperor's dignity. Donggong Gate was only used for the entry and exit of Qing emperors. Renshou Hall is inside the East Palace Gate, the main entrance of the Summer Palace.
Qing Yanfang
Qingyan boat is commonly known as Shifang. It is a large stone boat by the lake at the west end of the promenade, which means "Haiqingheyan". It is a Western-style building in the Summer Palace. Its predecessor was the release platform of Yuanjing Temple in Ming Dynasty. When Qianlong repaired the Qingyi Garden, the platform was changed to a boat and the name was changed to "Shifang". The boat is 36 meters long and is made of marble carvings. There are two floors of ship building on the hull, the bottom of the ship is covered with tiles, the windows are made of stained glass, and the top is decorated with brick carvings. When it rains, the rainwater falling on the top of the boat passes through the hollow pillars at the corners and is discharged into the lake through the four faucets on the hull.
Wenchangyuan
Wenchangyuan is located to the east of Wenchang Pavilion in the Summer Palace. It is a large-scale and high-grade cultural relics exhibition hall in Chinese classical gardens. There are six thematic exhibition halls in the museum, exhibiting thousands of fine cultural relics of the Summer Palace from the Shang and Zhou Dynasties to the late Qing dynasty. The categories include bronze, jade, porcelain, gold and silverware, bamboo and wooden teeth, lacquerware , Furniture, paintings and calligraphy, ancient books, enamels, clocks, miscellaneous items, etc., covering many categories of cultural relics handed down in China. Due to the specific royal environment of the Summer Palace, these artworks represented the good level of craftsmanship at that time. Many treasures were the most important artifacts of the country at that time. The museum also exhibits some of the daily necessities of the Qing Dynasty, which are closely related to the life of the empress. It has outstanding historical value and is a physical evidence of the authenticity of Chinese royal culture.
Wenchang Court
The larger one of the six gates in the Summer Palace (Ziqi Donglai Chengguan, Suyunyan Chengguan, Yinhui Chengguan, Tongyun Chengguan, Qianfeng Caicui Chengguan, Wenchangge Chengguan) was built in the fifteenth year of Qianlong ( 1750), burned down by the British and French forces in 1860, and rebuilt in Guangxu. The main pavilion has two floors and contains copper castings of Emperor Wenchang, Fairy Child, and Copper Special. Wenchang Pavilion and the Suyun Eaves of Kunming Lake West Contribution to Martial Saints symbolize "Wenwu Fubi".
Copper Bull
The copper bull is on the east bank of Kunming Lake, on the north side of the east bridge head of the 17-hole bridge, and is set up to suppress floods. It was cast with copper in 1755 in the 20th year of Qianlong, and it was called "Golden Bull".
Seventeen Hole Bridge
The seventeen-hole bridge is located on Kunming Lake, between the east embankment and Nanhu Island. The stone bridge is 8 meters wide and 150 meters long, and consists of 17 bridge holes. More than 500 stone lions of different sizes and shapes are carved on the railings on both sides of the stone bridge.
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